The Football Encyclopedia

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Walter Camp, a coach at Yale, helped to separate the game of American football from rugby. Camp introduced the 11-man team and the line of scrimmage. He also began the system of downs.

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Rugby chronology". Museum of Rugby. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008 . Retrieved 24 April 2006. Modern North American football grew out of a match between McGill University of Montreal and Harvard University in 1874. During the game, the two teams alternated between the rugby-based rules used by McGill and the Boston Game rules used by Harvard. [116] [117] [118] Within a few years, Harvard had both adopted McGill's rules and persuaded other U.S. university teams to do the same. On 23 November 1876, representatives from Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Columbia met at the Massasoit Convention in Springfield, Massachusetts, agreeing to adopt most of the Rugby Football Union rules, with some variations. [119] Vancil, Mark ( Ed.) (2000). ABC Sports College Football All-Time All-America Team. New York: Hyperion Books. p.18. ISBN 978-0-7868-6710-3. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023 . Retrieved 23 July 2018. Scoring goals or points by moving the ball to an opposing team's end of the field and either into a goal area, or over a line.

Most of the action in a football game takes place between the goal lines. White lines run across this part of the field every 5 yards (4.6 meters). These lines help to show how far a team has moved the football. Two sets of short lines, called hash marks, cross these lines. Officials use the hash marks to place the ball on the field after play is stopped. The International Rugby Football Board (IRFB) was founded in 1886, [126] but rifts were beginning to emerge in the code. Professionalism had already begun to creep into the various codes of football. Football in Public Schools". Spartacus Educational. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021 . Retrieved 7 November 2019. The modern rules of many football codes were formulated during the mid- or late- 19th century. This also applies to other sports such as lawn bowls, lawn tennis, etc. The major impetus for this was the patenting of the world's first lawnmower in 1830. This allowed for the preparation of modern ovals, playing fields, pitches, grass courts, etc. [61] Giossos, Yiannis; Sotiropoulos, Aristomenis; Souglis, Athanasios; Dafopoulou, Georgia (1 January 2011). "Reconsidering on the Early Types of Football" (PDF). Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity. 3 (2). doi: 10.2478/v10131-011-0013-5. S2CID 55758320. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018.

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Reilly, Thomas; Doran, D. (2001). "Science and Gaelic football: A review". Journal of Sports Sciences. 19 (3): 181–193. doi: 10.1080/026404101750095330. PMID 11256823. S2CID 43471221. Austus – a compromise between Australian rules and American football, invented in Melbourne during World War II. a b c d e f g h i j Football: The First Hundred Years. The Untold Story. Adrian Harvey. 2005. Routledge, London Australia's association football governing body changed its name in 2005 from using "soccer" to "football". [130]Estimated Probability of Competing in Athletics Beyond the High School Interscholastic Level" (PDF). NCAA.org. 17 September 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2014 . Retrieved 26 April 2014. Universal football – a hybrid of Australian rules and rugby league, trialled in Sydney in 1933. [158]